Research
Key research papers on Procyanidin C1 and its effects on cellular aging, senescence, and longevity.
Single-cell profiling unveils a geroprotective role of Procyanidin C1 in hematopoietic immune system via senolytic and senomorphic effects
Liu, Xi; Liu, Yang; Gao, Yushan; et al.
npj Aging, May 2, 2025, 11, 31
Single-cell analysis revealing PCC1's broad geroprotective effects on hematopoietic and immune systems through senolytic and senomorphic mechanisms.
DOI: 10.1038/s41514-025-00222-3
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 ameliorates aging-related skin fibrosis through targeting EGFR to inhibit TGFβ/SMAD pathway
Wang JH, Li M, Xie PF, Si JY, Feng ZJ, Tang CF, Li JM.
Phytomedicine, April 24, 2025, 142, 14508
Aging-related skin fibrosis (SF) is a complex condition with limited treatment options. Procyanidin C1 (PCC1), a natural polyphenolic compound with demonstrated senolytic activity, has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for fibrotic disorders throu …
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156787
View PublicationSenolytic procyanidin C1 alleviates renal fibrosis by promoting apoptosis of senescent renal tubular epithelial cells
Gan, Yu; Wang, Kangning; Chen, Xiang; Li, Yong; He, Yao; Zhou, Yan; Zhang, Bo
FASEB Journal, January 31, 2025, 39, e70362
Latest research demonstrating PCC1's senolytic role in alleviating renal fibrosis by specifically targeting senescent renal tubular epithelial cells.
DOI: 10.1096/fj.202402558R
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 ameliorates acidic pH stress induced nucleus pulposus degeneration through SIRT3/FOXO3-mediated mitochondrial dynamics
Hua, Wenkai; Xie, Lei; Dong, Chen; et al.
Journal of Translational Medicine, November 1, 2024, 22, 1071
Demonstrates PCC1's protective effects against intervertebral disc degeneration through SIRT3/FOXO3-mediated mitochondrial dynamics regulation.
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05805-4
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 inhibits bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by selective clearance of senescent myofibroblasts
Shao, Mingqian; Qiu, Yue; Shen, Meng; Liu, Wei; Feng, Dan; Luo, Zhihong; Zhou, Yang
FASEB Journal, July 15, 2024, 38, e23749
Shows PCC1's ability to improve lung fibrosis by promoting apoptosis in senescent myofibroblasts, providing therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis treatment.
DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302547RR
View PublicationSenolytic and senomorphic agent procyanidin C1 alleviates structural and functional decline in the aged retina
Liu, Yang; Liu, Xi; Chen, Xiaohui; Yang, Zhen; Chen, Jun; Zhu, Weihan; Li, Yushi; Wen, Yajing; Deng, Chaojuan; Gu, Chengxiu; Lv, Jieying; Ju, Rong; Zhuo, Yehong; Su, Wenzhen
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, April 30, 2024, 121, e2311028121
Demonstrates PCC1's senolytic and senomorphic properties in ameliorating age-related retinal impairment through comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of retinal landscape changes.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311028121
View PublicationProcyanidin alleviates ferroptosis and inflammation of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway
Zeng, Jingwen; Weng, Yixin; Lai, Tianyu; Chen, Liangjin; Li, Ying; Huang, Qiaoyi; Zhong, Shushan; Wan, Sihuan; Luo, Liting
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, November 27, 2023, 397, 4055-4067
Demonstrates procyanidin's protective effects against ferroptosis and inflammation through Nrf2/HO-1 pathway modulation.
DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02854-2
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in colon cancer via modulating miR-501-3p/HIGD1A axis
Lv, Jin-Lei; Tan, Yu-Jing; Ren, Ye-Sheng; Ma, Rui; Wang, Xin; Wang, Shu-Yang; Liu, Wen-Qian; Zheng, Qing-Shan; Yao, Jin-Cheng; Tian, Jie; Li, Jin
Journal of Advanced Research, July 20, 2023, 60, 215-231
Shows procyanidin C1's anti-colon cancer effects through modulation of miR-501-3p/HIGD1A axis, inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.007
View PublicationDietary proanthocyanidins on gastrointestinal health and the interactions with gut microbiota
Chen, Yang; Wang, Jin; Zou, Lingyu; Cao, Hui; Ni, Xin; Xiao, Jianbo
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, January 1, 2023, 63, 6285-6308
Comprehensive review of procyanidin C1 and other procyanidins' effects on gut health and microbiota interactions.
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2030296
View PublicationNovel Microwave–Ultrasound Hybrid Method for Procyanidin Extraction from Coffea arabica Pulp: Optimization and Characterization
Velásquez, Patricia; Montenegro, Juan; Campos-Vega, Rocío; Apan, Teresa; Campanella, Osvaldo
Foods, November 2, 2022, 11, 3464
Optimizes extraction of procyanidins including PCC1 from coffee pulp using novel hybrid microwave-ultrasound extraction method.
DOI: 10.3390/foods11213464
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 Location, Interaction, and Aggregation in Two Complex Biomembranes
Villalaín, José
Membranes, July 5, 2022, 12, 692
Molecular dynamics study determining procyanidin C1's position and interactions in plasma and mitochondrial membranes, showing its tendency to locate at membrane interfaces.
DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070692
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 from Viola odorata L. inhibits Na+,K+-ATPase
Heger, Tomáš; Zatloukal, Marek; Kubala, Martin; Strnad, Miroslav; Gruz, Jiří
Scientific Reports, May 24, 2022, 12, 8621
Discovery of PCC1 as a potent Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor (IC50 = 4.5 μM) with potential therapeutic applications in cardiac insufficiency.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11086-y
View PublicationThe flavonoid procyanidin C1 has senotherapeutic activity and increases lifespan in mice
Xu, Qixia; Fu, Qiang; Li, Zi; Liu, Hanxin; Wang, Yang; Lin, Xu; He, Ruikun; Zhang, Xuguang; Ju, Zhenyu; Campisi, Judith; Kirkland, James L.; Sun, Yao
Nature Metabolism, December 6, 2021, 3, 1706-1726
Landmark study demonstrating that procyanidin C1 (PCC1) from grape seed extract increases healthspan and lifespan in mice through senolytic action on senescent cells, selectively killing senescent cells at higher concentrations while inhibiting SASP formation at lower concentrations.
DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00491-8
View PublicationB-type procyanidin C1 from cinnamon extract stimulates glucose uptake and enhances insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Jiao, Liang; Zhang, Xiaohui; Wang, Mingfu; Li, Binsheng; Liu, Zhongxiang; Liu, Shiming
Journal of Functional Foods, December 1, 2021, 87, 104808
Study demonstrating PCC1's role in glucose metabolism regulation and insulin sensitivity enhancement through AKT-eNOS pathway activation.
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02932
View PublicationDevelopment and validation of a versatile HPLC-MS2 method for quantification of procyanidins in cocoa-derived products
Racine, Kathryn C.; Wiersema, Brian D.; Davies, Laura M.; Pereira, Lucas G.; Pahlavan, Navid; Becker, Emily M.; Francisco, Jessica D.; Winterton, Preston
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, October 20, 2021, 69, 12179-12189
Validates HPLC-MS2 method for quantification of procyanidins including PCC1 in cocoa products using 13C-labeled standards.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93993-0
View PublicationA comparative anticancer study on procyanidin C1 against receptor positive and receptor negative breast cancer
Koteswari, Lalitha Latha; Kumari, Santhi; Kumar, Amrinder Bharti; Malla, Rama Rao
Natural Product Research, November 1, 2020, 34, 3267-3274
Comparative study of procyanidin C1's anticancer activity against different types of breast cancer cells, including receptor-positive and receptor-negative variants.
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1586693
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 inhibits melanoma cell growth by activating 67-kDa laminin receptor signaling
Bae, Jaehwan; Kumazoe, Motofumi; Murata, Kyosuke; Fujimura, Yoshinori; Tachibana, Hirofumi
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, March 15, 2020, 64, e1900986
Identifies 67-kDa laminin receptor as a cell surface receptor for procyanidin C1 and demonstrates its melanoma cell growth inhibition through PKA/PP2A/CPI17/MRLC pathway activation.
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900986
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 degradation during cocoa roasting: Identification of degradation products by RP-HPLC-HRMS/MS(ESI(-))
Boulanger, Renaud; Crouzet, Jean
Food Chemistry, November 15, 2019, 298, 124979
Investigates the degradation of PCC1 during cocoa roasting, identifying that epimerization is the main degradation reaction accounting for 62% of degradation products.
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.124979
View PublicationProcyanidin C1, a Component of Cinnamon Extracts, Is a Potential Insulin Sensitizer That Targets Adipocytes
Sun, Peng; Li, Kai; Wang, Ting; Ji, Jun; Wang, Yan; Chen, Kai-Xian; Jia, Qi; Li, Yi-Ming; Wang, He-Yao
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, August 14, 2019, 67, 8839-8846
Investigates PCC1 from cinnamon extracts as an insulin sensitizer targeting adipocytes, demonstrating antidiabetic potential through glucose uptake enhancement.
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02932
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 Activates the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway to Prevent Glutamate-Induced Apoptotic HT22 Cell Death
Song, Jae Hyuk; Lee, Hwan-Jae; Kang, Kyoung Seob
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, January 2, 2019, 20, 142
Neuroprotective study showing PCC1's ability to prevent glutamate-induced neuronal death through antioxidant pathway activation.
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010142
View PublicationProcyanidin trimer C1 reactivates latent HIV as a triple combination therapy with kansui and JQ1
Cary, Daniele C.; Peterlin, B. Matija
PLoS One, November 26, 2018, 13, e0208055
Shows procyanidin C1's ability to reactivate latent HIV through MAPK pathway activation, contributing to 'shock and kill' therapeutic strategies.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208055
View PublicationAnti-inflammatory effect of procyanidin C1 through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways in macrophages
Park, Eun-Jung; Min, Hye-Young; Ahn, Young-Hee; Bae, Chang-Mo; Pyee, Jong-Hwa; Lee, Sang Kook
Chemico-Biological Interactions, December 25, 2016, 260, 196-207
Mechanistic study showing PCC1's anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB pathways in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.010
View PublicationPreparative separation of cacao bean procyanidins by high-speed counter-current chromatography
Li, Li; Zhang, Shu; Cui, Ye; Li, Yang; Luo, Lihua; Zhou, Peiyu; Sun, Baoguo
Journal of Chromatography B, November 1, 2016, 1036-1037, 10-19
Development of preparative method for separating procyanidin C1 and other procyanidins from cacao beans using high-speed counter-current chromatography.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.030
View PublicationStereoselective synthesis of benzylated proanthocyanidin trimers including procyanidin C1
Takaya, Yoshiaki; Terashima, Kazutada; Ito, Jun; Yasuda, Naofumi; Yokoi, Shinya; Ishibashi, Masato; Makabe, Hidefumi
Tetrahedron, February 28, 2015, 71, 1419-1424
Development of TMSOTf-catalyzed condensation reactions for stereoselective synthesis of procyanidin C1 and related trimers in excellent yields.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.033
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 purified from Theobroma cacao activates the latent HIV-1 provirus
Matsuda, Kotaro; Kobayakawa, Takuya; Tsuchiya, Koya; Hattori, Shin-ichiro; Nomura, Wataru; Gatanaga, Hiroyuki; Yoshimura, Kazuhisa; Oka, Shinichi; Matsushita, Shuzo; Maeda, Kenji
Virology, September 1, 2014, 464-465, 288-300
Novel finding showing PCC1's ability to reactivate latent HIV-1 proviruses, potentially useful for HIV cure strategies.
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.024
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 causes vasorelaxation through activation of the endothelial NO/cGMP pathway in thoracic aortic rings
Byun, Eui-Bin; Sung, Na-Young; Yang, Min-Seok; Song, Do-Sang; Byun, Eui-Ho; Kim, Jin-Kyu; Park, Jin-Ho; Song, Beom-Seok; Lee, Jae-Won; Park, Sang-Han; Byun, Myung-Woo; Kim, Jin-Hong
Journal of Medicinal Food, June 27, 2014, 17, 742-748
Demonstrates procyanidin C1's vasorelaxant effects through endothelial NO/cGMP pathway activation in thoracic aortic rings.
DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2978
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 from Cinnamomi Cortex inhibits TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the A549 lung cancer cell line
Kin, Ryoei; Kato, Shinichiro; Kaneto, Naoki; Sakurai, Hiroaki; Hayakawa, Yoshihiro; Li, Feng; Tanaka, Ken; Saiki, Ikuo; Yokoyama, Satoru
International Journal of Oncology, December 1, 2013, 43, 1901-1906
Study showing PCC1's ability to prevent cancer cell metastasis by inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a key process in cancer progression.
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2139
View PublicationThe procyanidin trimer C1 induces macrophage activation via NF-κB and MAPK pathways, leading to Th1 polarization in murine splenocytes
Sung, Na-Young; Yang, Min-Seok; Song, Do-Sang; Byun, Eui-Bin; Kim, Jin-Kyu; Park, Jin-Ho; Song, Beom-Seok; Lee, Jae-Won; Park, Sang-Han; Park, Hyeung-Jin; Byun, Myung-Woo; Byun, Eui-Ho; Kim, Jin-Hong
European Journal of Pharmacology, June 13, 2013, 714, 218-228
Demonstrates procyanidin C1's role in immune system modulation through macrophage activation and Th1 polarization via NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.059
View PublicationThe potential role of procyanidin trimer C1 in innate and adaptive immunity
Kim, Hyun-Jin; Chang, Eun-Jung; Bae, Sang-Jun; Shim, Sang-Mi; Park, Hee-Do; Rhee, Chang-Hwan; Park, Jong-Hwa; Choi, Sun-Woo
Food and Chemical Toxicology, March 1, 2013, 53, 351-360
Study demonstrating PCC1's role in immune system regulation, showing enhancement of Th1 polarization and macrophage activation.
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.009
View PublicationThe procyanidin trimer C1 inhibits LPS-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling through TLR4 in macrophages
Byun, Eui-Bin; Sung, Na-Young; Byun, Eui-Ho; Song, Do-Sang; Kim, Jin-Kyu; Park, Jin-Ho; Song, Beom-Seok; Park, Sang-Han; Lee, Jae-Won; Byun, Myung-Woo; Kim, Jin-Hong
International Immunopharmacology, December 20, 2012, 15, 450-456
Shows procyanidin C1's anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of LPS-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways via TLR4 in macrophages.
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.11.021
View PublicationIsolation and structure elucidation of tetrameric procyanidins from unripe apples (Malus pumila cv. Fuji) by NMR spectroscopy
Nakashima, Satoshi; Oda, Chikako; Masuda, Saori; Tagashira, Manabu; Kanda, Toshiyuki
Phytochemistry, November 1, 2012, 83, 144-152
Structural analysis of procyanidin tetramers in unripe apples, with PCC1 identified as a key component through NMR analysis and phloroglucinolysis.
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.06.006
View PublicationEffect of procyanidin C1 on nitric oxide production and hyperpolarization through Ca(2+)-dependent pathway in endothelial cells
Byun, Myung-Woo
Journal of Medicinal Food, October 11, 2012, 15, 1032-1037
Shows procyanidin C1's effects on endothelial cell hyperpolarization and NO production through calcium-dependent pathways, relevant for cardiovascular health.
DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2297
View PublicationProcyanidin C1-induced hyperpolarization in rat aortic endothelial cells via activation of BKCa channels
Byun, Eui-Baek; Ishikawa, Takahisa; Suyama, Atsushi; Kono, Masahiro; Nakashima, Shohei; Arihara, Kenji; Miyamoto, Toshiyuki
European Journal of Pharmacology, September 15, 2012, 691, 180-189
Study showing PCC1's unique ability among procyanidins to induce NO production in endothelial cells through Ca2+-dependent BKCa channel activation.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.025
View PublicationA procyanidin trimer, C1, promotes NO production in rat aortic endothelial cells via both hyperpolarization and PI3K/Akt pathways
Byun, Eui-Baek; Ishikawa, Takahisa; Suyama, Atsushi; Kono, Masahiro; Nakashima, Shohei; Kanda, Toshiyuki; Miyamoto, Toshiyuki; Matsui, Toshiro
European Journal of Pharmacology, July 11, 2012, 692, 52-60
Demonstrates procyanidin C1's mechanism in promoting nitric oxide production in endothelial cells through Ca2+-dependent K+ channel activation and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.011
View PublicationAnalysis of Flavan-3-ols and Procyanidins in Food Samples by Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)
Rzeppa, Sebastian; Von Bargen, Christine; Bittner, Katharina; Humpf, Hans-Ulrich
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, October 12, 2011, 59, 10594-10603
Comprehensive analytical method for procyanidin analysis in food samples, with detailed characterization of PCC1 in various plant materials.
DOI: 10.1021/jf202697j
View PublicationProcyanidin dimers and trimers, needed as reference compounds for biological studies, have been synthesized from various natural sources using a semisynthetic approach and purified by high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC)
Krueger, Christopher G.; Vestling, Mats M.; Reed, Jess D.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, January 12, 2011, 59, 62-69
First comprehensive synthesis and structural characterization of procyanidin C1 using NMR spectroscopy and CD spectroscopy, establishing reference methods for biological studies.
DOI: 10.1021/jf101006u
View PublicationProcyanidin C1 from Apple Extracts Inhibits FcεRI-Mediated Mast Cell Activation
Nakano, Noriyuki; Nishiyama, Chiharu; Yagita, Hideo; Koyanagi, Akira; Akiba, Hisaya; Chiba, Soichiro; Ogawa, Hideoki; Okumura, Ko
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, December 1, 2008, 52, 1463-1472
Shows PCC1 from apple extracts inhibits mast cell degranulation and allergic responses through FcεRI pathway modulation.
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800092
View PublicationApple procyanidin oligomers absorption in rats after oral administration
Deprez, Sonia; Mila, Inés; Huneau, Jean-François; Tomé, Daniel; Scalbert, Augustin
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, April 11, 2001, 49, 1944-1950
Bioavailability study demonstrating that procyanidin C1 from apples is absorbed intact and reaches plasma, supporting its biological relevance.
DOI: 10.1021/jf0013595
View PublicationOligomeric procyanidins were isolated from the leaves and flowers of hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata)
Kiehne, Axel; Lakenbrink, Claudine; Engelhardt, Ulrich H.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, September 13, 2000, 48, 4243-4349
Natural isolation and identification of procyanidin C1 from hawthorn, establishing its occurrence in Crataegus species and analytical methods for detection.
DOI: 10.1021/jf000304u
View PublicationIsolation and quantification of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins in Theobroma cacao
Natsume, Michiru; Osakabe, Naomi; Yamagishi, Midori; Takizawa, Tomoyuki; Nakamura, Tsuneyuki; Miyatake, Hiroshi; Hatano, Tsutomu; Yoshida, Takashi
Phytochemistry, August 1, 2000, 54, 695-705
First identification and quantification of procyanidin C1 in cocoa/cacao liquor, establishing its role as a major antioxidant component.
DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00123-7
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